Edgar Allan Poes The Tell-Tale Heart and The Masque of...

Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† When people think of Edgar Allan Poe, they probably think of dark writing and murders. His writings have been printing since the early 1800’s. (Giordano ) Many of his works are literally classics, such as â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† and â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death.† Much like most of his stories, Poe’s life was a dark one. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Both his mother and his father were performers. His father abandoned the family to continue on with his acting career, and not even a year later, Poe’s mother died. (Hoffman ) When this happened, he went to live with John and Frances Allen. Although Poe was never adopted, he had a family.†¦show more content†¦While waiting, the narrator hears a dull pounding that he realizes is the heartbeat of the terrified old man. The narrator is worried that someone might hear the heartbeat, so he attacks the old man and kills him. â€Å"But the beating grew louder, lou der! I thought the heart must burst. And now a new anxiety seized me – the sound would be heard by a neighbor! The old man’s hour had come! With a loud yell, I threw open the lantern and leaped into to room. He shrieked once – once only. IN an instant I dragged him to the floor, and pulled the heavy bed over him. I then smiled gaily, to find the deed so far done.† (Poe) Afterwards, the narrator takes his body and dismembers the corpse. The narrator cuts off the head and the arms and the legs. Then, he hides the pieces below the floorboards in the bedroom. The narrator is careful not to leave behind any evidence. As he finishes, a clock strikes four and the narrator hears a knock at the door. A neighbor had heard the old man shriek and had called the cops. As if nothing had happened, the narrator leads the cops over the house without acting suspicious. He even shows the cops the old man’s bedrooms so they can sit down and chat. The police suspect not hing. At this time, the narrator is fine. Everything seemsShow MoreRelatedTerm Paper Edgar Allan Poes Infatuation with Death1498 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poes Infatuation with Death Ralph Emerson once wrote, Talent alone cannot make the writer. There must be a man behind the book. Edgar Allan Poe acquired the ability to write Gothic horror through the tragedies that existed in his life. At three years old Poe lost his mother and father. Grief and sadness overwhelmed Poes childhood and eventually his literary style. By temperament and mournful personal experience, Poe was drawn into the contemporary cult of death (KennedyRead MoreHumorous Humor Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Dark Hearted 1675 Words   |  7 PagesPoe: Lighthearted Humor in a Darkened Heart Edgar Allan Poe, the dark hearted author! When speaking of Poe, readers would most likely associate him as a dark and dreary author. His uses of vivid, shadowy imagery and themes of death and despair lurk within the minds of his audiences. Poe, however, subtly injects his works with humor that may not easily be spotted by the human eye. Why exactly would Poe inject humor into his horror stories, since they aren’t comedies? To begin, the use of humor inRead MoreCommon Elements in all of Edgar Allan Poes Short Stories1157 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is a name that is prominent in literature as a slightly obnoxious, gruesome writer. His short stories and poems are sure to send a shiver down any reader’s spine with his vivid imagery. But if one takes the time to read all sixty-nine of his short stories, he or she would find many common elements that become slightly monotonous. Even though he uses some similar ideas, it is what separates his work as distinctly â€Å"Poe†. After dissecting each of his stories, it is intriguing to findRead MoreEssay On The Tell Tale Heart815 Words   |  4 Pagesquote from one of Edgar Allan Poe’s more famous stories The Tell Tale Heart. Edgar Allan Poe’s writing is still famous to this day. Not only his writing but his life. He is known for having a difficult life and writing about it in a not so obvious way. Through all his poems and short stories there are little hints everywhere that relate to his life. Depression, insanity and Tuberculosis were all common topics from Poe’s writing that related to his life. Throughout many of Poe’s poems and short storiesRead More Madness and Fear in Assignation, Cask of Admontillado, Fall of the House of Usher, and Masque of th1589 Words   |  7 PagesAdmontillado, Fall of the House of Usher, and Masque of the Red Death Poe’s madmen are all obsessed with death. Existence within reality eventually becomes impossible. Poe usually places his madmen within a room or other enclosure, but they are rarely ever outside. When we do come across an exterior, nature does its best to repress, confine and enclose the man. The protagonist in Poe’s â€Å"The Assignation† sums up the combination of time and space within Poe’s stories and says, â€Å"I have †¦ framed for myselfRead More Juxtaposing the Most Similar Contradiction in Edgar Allan Poes Work2077 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout all of Edgar Allan Poes works are common ideas that oppose each such as madness versus sanity, reality versus the imagined reality and life versus death. Usually these sentiments are taken as contrasting ideas with little similarities to each other, like black and white. However, many of these motifs are situated in the grey category. Poe uses the communal thought pathway to highlight its antithesi s; the pathway of grey. With the new pathway, he emphasizes the similarities of the opposingRead MoreThe Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the life of Edgar Allan Poe, he suffered many unfortunate events and endured several difficult situations. Some speculate that it was these experiences that helped to formulate the famous writing style of Edgar Allan Poe. His dark tales such as The Masque of the Red Death and The Tell-Tale Heart are horrific, and his poems such as Alone and The Raven show evidence that his life experiences influenced their dreariness. Poes story plots and his own life are undeniably related andRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe and His Work Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allen Poe and His Work Outline I. Introductory Paragraph I.1. Thesis statement I.2. High points II. First Paragraph II.1. Brief history of life III. Second Paragraph III.1. Edgars Writing Style III.2. Examples IV. Specific poems and short stories IV.1. Examples V. Conclusion Paragraph V.1. Restating thesis statement V.2. Restating high points of the paper Edgar Allen Poe was one of the great writers of this world. He created several poems and short stories of aRead MoreIn â€Å"The Masque Of The Red Death,† Edgar Allen Poe Describes1125 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Masque of the Red Death,† Edgar Allen Poe describes how people fear death even though it is inevitable. Fear is a strong emotion where he taps into those feelings through his powerful creation of suspense. This short story took place in Medieval times. The author describes how Prince Prospero encounters death and thinks he can win the fight. His thoughts were concerned with death and show how metaphorically it’s inescapable, but people continues to behave as if they are immortal. Poe’s shortRead MoreThe Autobiographical Elements in the Works of Edgar Allan Poe1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe Autobiographical Elements in the Works of Edgar Allan Poe There is no exquisite beauty without some strangeness in the proportions (Biography on Poe 8). Edgar Alan Poe endured a very difficult life and this is evident in his literary style. He was once titled the master of the macabre. One of the aspects in his life with which he struggled was social isolation. He used this as a topic in a number of poems and short stories. Poes life was also filled with periods of fear and irrationality

The American Dream - 1823 Words

Acclaimed writer and professor of English literature, Azar Nafisi said â€Å"The negative side of the American Dream comes when people pursue success at any cost, which in turn destroys the vision and the dream†. The American Dream is the â€Å"ideology that states that if people work really hard and are determined to achieve their financial goals, they will attain financial success† (Tyson). The Marxist belief that the American Dream is a restrained belief system is widely evident in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. The means by which some people pursue this dream ultimately results in the destruction of the dream itself. This is explored through the narcissist attitudes of the individuals who are living the American Dream, the alternatives the proletariat population uses to obtain the dream and the widespread evidence of the unachievability of the dream itself Tom and Daisy, despite already living the American Dream, behave in a self-absorbed manner to continue t o maintain their social standing. They show reckless disregard for the lives of others as well as their own loved ones, all driven by the compelling desire to be equated to a higher social class. As Nick and the Buchanans begin to have dinner they are interrupted by an unexpected call. While everyone is aware of the source of the call, Jordan breaks the news to a confused Nick that â€Å"Tom’s got some woman in New York† (Fitzgerald 20). The entire idea that Tom’s â€Å"got some woman† (Fitzgerald 20) shows readers the presence ofShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Keynesian and Classical economics Free Essays

INTRODUCTION: The general theory by Maynard Keynes states that the level of employment is determined by the marginal efficiency of capital, marginal propensity to consume and the real interest rates, he also the level of output and employment is determined by aggregate demand and that the aggregate demand can be increased through an increase in government expenditure. Keynes therefore advocated for government intervention in steering the economy while the classical economist argued that the government should not interfere with the running of the economy, on unemployment according to Keynes theory this problem could be resolved by the use of government policies, the two theorists differ in the causes and the solutions of unemployment, to the classical economists unemployment is caused by excess supply which is caused by high wage rates, high wage rates means low demand and therefore this causes unemployment, therefore the Classical economist believe that the economy should be left to adjust itself until an equilibrium is reached at full employment. Says law was developed by Jean Say who was a French businessman, according to this theory there cannot be demand without supply, according to this law a recession which is characterized by high unemployment is not caused by low demand or lack of money, however an increase in money supply will result to inflation. We will write a custom essay sample on Keynesian and Classical economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Say’s law therefore clearly identifies the difference between the Keynes theory and classical economists in their explanation of the economy. Classical Economists and Say’s law: Classical economist supports Say’s law that supply causes demand and that there is never over supply, the Law states that people will supply things to the economy so that they can get money to buy other goods in the economy that are of the same value they have supplied. This is in line with the classical economists who argue that money does exist in an economy and that money will flow in the economy and this flow of money flows from the businesses to the people through paying jobs. The classical economist states that the price level is changed by the level of money supply, also that the amount of supply will always be at full employment such that producers will not change the level of supply but will adjust the price levels to achieve the required demand level, therefore because supply creates its own demand then in the long run the economy will be at equilibrium and this means very low or no unemployment. According to the Says law the classical economist therefore defined the model of the economy as follows P X Q = M X V, where P is the price level, Q is the quantity of goods sold, M is the money supply and V is the velocity of money flow. As the level of money supply increases assuming that the level of money supply is constant then the price or the quantity of goods sold will increase. If on the other hand the money supply increases and assuming that the velocity level remains constant then the price level or the quantity demanded will rise, therefore our outcome for the model means that an increase in money supply is inflationally and that an increase in the velocity of money flow will lead to economic development. Keynes Theory and Say’s law: Keynesians dismisses Says law as a false statement, he argues that supply and demand should be separately analyzed, on supply Keynesians says that supply generates income, people will then consume this income, the largest portion of income goes to consumption while the rest is saved, they analyzed the consumption levels of the income in terms of marginal propensity to consume which will rise as the level of income rises. The Keynesian economist therefore considered the model of the economy as Y = C + I + (X-M) where Y is income, C is consumption, I is the investment X is exports and M is imports. The model is further analyzed as C = (a + b Y) where a is the autonomous income level, b is the marginal propensity to consume and Y is the income level. Conclusion: We can conclude that the Says law is the major difference between the Keynes theory and the classical economists, the classical economist support the Says law and also advocate for a free market economy while Keynes argues that the government can solve the problem of unemployment in an economy through an increase in spending to increase the aggregate demand that results to lower unemployment levels. References: Alan Coddington (2003) Keynesian Economics: The First Principles, Rout ledge publishers, US  Alfred William (1991) The Classical Economists and Economic Policy, University of Michigan press, Michigan  George Douglas (1967) Macro-economic Theory: A Mathematical Treatment, Macmillan publishers, US  Steven Kate’s (2003) Two Hundred Years of Say’s Law: Essays on Economic Theory’s Most Controversial Principle, Edward Elgar Publishing, US  John Fender (1981) Understanding Keynes: An Analysis of the General Theory, Wiley publishers, US How to cite Keynesian and Classical economics, Essay examples

Energy Sector of Pakistan free essay sample

Pakistan realising the importance, is making concerted efforts to speedup the development of energy resources so as it may effectively contribute to the nations economic growth and well-being. The four major components of government’s strategy for energy sector development include:- a. Increasing energy supplies to meet the growing demand. . Expanding and upgrading transmission and distribution infrastructure. c. Increasing end use energy efficiency. d. Maximum indigenization. 2. Energy Needs of Pakistan a. Present Energy Needs Vis-a-vis its Supply in Pakistan. Pakistans economy is undergoing significant changes since 1998-99; the improvements made in the macroeconomic indicators are, in particular, noteworthy. The real GDP increased from 5. 1 per cent in 2002-03 to 6. 4 per cent in 2003-04 and was 8. 5 per cent for the fiscal year 2004-05. The projected growth rate for the next five years is estimated to be 7-8 per cent . One can assume that without significant expansion in the economic activity in the country, this growth rate will be difficult to sustain for the next five years. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy Sector of Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With expansion in economy the demand in energy will also increase. Government of Pakistans Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) projects the growth in the demand of electricity, petroleum products, natural gas, and coal at an average annual rate of 8. 4%, 4. 3%, 7. 6%, 18. 9% respectively . Although, both the demand and supply of energy has been increasing for the last decade and a half, the per capita consumption of energy in Pakistan remains low. As compared to their counterparts in Malaysia and China – where per capita consumption of energy stands at 92 MBTU and 34MBTU, respectively – the per capita consumption in Pakistan is 14 MBTU. Figures 1 and 2 show an upward trend in the supply and per capita availability of energy in tonnes equivalent of energy (TOE) in Pakistan since 1990. Figure 1:Energy supply (million TOE) Source Economic Server 2004-05 Figure 2:Per Capita Availability in TOE 3. Energy Resources. At present, the energy sector in Pakistan consists of the following:- a. Power. b. Gas. c. Oil. d. Coal. 4. Pakistans total primary energy supply in tonnes equivalent of oil (TOE) in the fiscal year 2003-04 stood at 50. 8 million TOE. The primary energy supply has seen a constant increase since 2001. It increased by 4. 4 per cent from 2001-02 to 2002-03 and by another 8 per cent from 2002-03 to 2003-04. Figure 3 shows the share of different energy resources in the primary energy mix supplies. The patterns of energy consumption have also registered an upward trend. 5. Structure of Power Sector in Pakistan. Only about half of 140. 5 million people in Pakistan have access to electricity. The growing pace of urbanization and industrialization also increases the demand for electricity. To meet power requirements of Pakistan, reform of the power sector through restructuring and deregulation is high on the agenda of the Government of Pakistan, which is committed to pursuing a far-reaching reform program for the power sector and to help meet the countrys future power needs. Implementation of the envisaged program will bring about a gradual transition of the power system from integrated, state-owned utilities to a decentralized system with separate generation, transmission and distribution entities, having substantial private ownership and management, reflecting and encouraging a commercial and competitive operating environment. 6. Pakistan has two vertically integrated public sector power utilities i. e Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) and Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC). WAPDA supplies power to all of Pakistan, except the metropolitan city of Karachi, which is supplied by KESC. The systems of WAPDA and KESC are interconnected through 220 kV double circuit transmission line. Out of a total generation capacity of about 17,664 MW in the country, 9,949 MW is owned by WAPDA, 1,756 MW by KESC, 437 MW by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and 5,522 MW by independent power producers (IPPs). a. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). WAPDA was established in 1958 and entrusted with a massive agenda, which included generation, transmission and distribution of power along with irrigation, water supply, drainage, flood control, etc. It owns about 54 percent of the countrys total power generation capacity, serves 88 percent of all electricity customers in Pakistan and has been, until of late, the principal power generation, transmission and supply organization in the country. It has a customer base of over 10 million. The privatization of WAPDA is underway. WAPDAs distribution network has been divided into eight electric supply companies, which are successors of former Area Electricity Boards (AEBs). The AEBs were departments within WAPDA to administer the supply and distribution, construction, expansion, maintenance and operation of the distribution system. The newly incorporated electric supply companies have been structured in line with modern management practices. WAPDAs thermal power generation facilities have been restructured and incorporated to form three-generation companies (GENCOs). In addition, a National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) have been incorporated to perform transmission and dispatch functions. b. Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC). KESC was incorporated in 1913 and is responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Karachi and its adjoining areas. It has a customer base of 1. 5 million predominantly urban consumers. Privatization of KESC is underway, and KESC is planned to be divested as a vertically integrated utility through sale of its equity interest to a strategic buyer who will also be given control over its management. 7. Energy Consumption Patterns. According to the latest economic survey, in the past 14 years – from 1990-99 to 2003-04 – the consumption of petroleum products, natural gas, electricity and coal increased by an annual average rate of 2. 5%, 4. 9%, 5. 1% and 5. 2%, respectively. However, one major change in consumption patter has been registered in the consumption of oil. The use of oil has reduced since 2001, particularly in the cement industry and power generation, because the cement industry has shifted to natural gas and the power generation sector is also increasingly using gas. Similarly, the consumption of various petroleum products in household and agriculture registered marked decline of 16. 2 and 16. 8 per cent, respectively. This is primarily because of the availability of cheaper fuels like LPG and natural gas. However, the consumption of petroleum products has increased in transportation, industrial and other government sectors. In the last 14 years, the transport sector saw the largest use of petroleum products with a share of 48. 7 per cent. The share of power sector, industry, households, other government sectors and agriculture stood at 31%, 12. 1%, 3. 8%, 2. 5% and 1. 5%, respectively. The sector wise consumption is given in Table 1. Table 1: Sector wise natural gas consumption from 1990-2004 SectorNatural Gas Consumption Power sector35. 4% Fertilizer23. 4% Industrial18. 9% Household17. % Commercial2. 8% Cement1. 5% 8. The consumption of natural gas in the cement sector in the first nine months of fiscal year 2004-05 registered a 100 per cent increase. Similarly, for the same time period the consumption for industrial, power, commercial and household sectors jumped up by 15. 5%, 12. 3%, 10. 5%, 3. 8%, respectively. In electricity consumption, the household sector has always been the largest consumer with a share of 41. 4 per cent. The share for industrial, agricultural, other government sectors and commercial consumers for the same time period (1990-04) has been 31. %, 14. 1%, 7% and 6%, respectively. Figure 4 shows the sector wise shares of electricity consumption for the period 2004-05. 9. Future Energy Forecasts. According to the 2004-05 Economic Survey of Pakistan, the double digit growth in the large scale manufacturing sector has resulted in an increase in demand of electric power in some industrial sectors. The survey also projects that demand in electricity will grow at an average yearly ra te of 7. 9 per cent from 2005 to 2010. The table below summarises the sector wise power demand till the year 2010. Table 2: Sector Wise Power Demand (2005-10) YearDomesticCommercialAgricultureIndustrialOtherTotal 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-107,199 7,585 8,127 8,783 9,5311,216 1,251 1,312 1,354 1,4081,763 1,820 1,893 1,979 2,0795,891 6,481 7,252 8,181 9,2671,035 1,086 1,159 1,243 1,341 15,500 16,600 17,900 19,600 21,500 10. The recently approved 25 year ‘Energy Security Action Plan (ESAP)’ aims to increase Pakistans reliance on indigenous fuels. Before that the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) outlined similar measures. The paper aims to significantly improve Pakistans energy mix. It envisages a hydel-thermal ratio of 39:61 from an existing ratio of around 28:72. The ESAP also envisages significantly reducing reliance on oil while increasing reliance on coal. Table 3 shows the energy mix plan for the next 25 years as proposed in ESAP. Table 3: Energy Mix Plan (MTOE) Energy Mix Plan Projections CurrentShort TermMedium TermLong Term 200420102015202020252030 Total (MTOE)50. 579. 39120. 18177. 35255. 37361. 31 Oil15. 230. 0%20. 6926. 0%32. 5127. 0%45. 4725. 7%57. 922. 7%66. 8418. % Natural Gas4550. 0%38. 9949. 0%52. 9844. 0%77. 8544. 0%11545. 0%162. 645. 0% Coal3. 36. 5%7. 169. 0%14. 4512. 0%24. 7714. 0%38. 315. 0%68. 6519. 0% Hydro6. 4312. 7%11. 0313. 9%16. 413. 6%21. 4412. 1%30. 512. 0%38. 9310. 8% Renewable00. 0%0. 841. 1%1. 61. 3%37%5. 582. 2%9. 22. 5% Nuclear0. 420. 8%0. 690. 9%2. 231. 9%4. 812. 7%8. 243. 2%15. 114. 2% 11. In order to achieve these targets, the Government is actively pursuing the e xtraction and commercialisation of vast Thar coal reserves. The Thar coal reserves are estimated to be at 185 billion short tonnes. It is estimated that with these reserves Pakistan can generate 100000 MW of electricity for the next 30 years . In order to achieve the new targets, the Government of Sindh has signed MOU for a 600 MW Thar coal power project with a Chinese company. Another MOU has been signed with an Australian firm for a 1200 MW project at Thar that will utilise the new technology of ‘Underground Coal Gasification’ . 12. Government’s Power Generation Policy 2002. To meet the increasing energy needs, Government of Pakistan has adopted the ‘Power Policy 2002’ to achieve the following objectives:- a. To provide sufficient capacity for power generation at the least cost, and to avoid capacity shortfalls. b. To encourage and ensure exploitation of indigenous resources, which include renewable energy resources, human resources, participation of local engineering and manufacturing capabilities. c. To ensure that all stakeholders are looked after in the process, i. e. a win-win situation for all. d. To be attuned to safeguarding the environment. For the first time in Pakistan, Government of Pakistan has significantly reflected the renewable power generation options in the 2002 power policy. 3. Important Features of Policy. The main features of the current power policy are discussed below:- a. The basis for selection of the successful bidder in each case will be the minimum levelized tariff, either through International Competitive Bidding (ICB) for solicited proposals or through negotiations/ICB for proposals on raw sites, i. e. locations whereof no feasibility study has been initiate d. Variable tariffs over the life of the project will be permitted under the terms specified in the Request for Proposals (RFP). The process of selection will involve pre-qualification, issuance of the RFP and bidding and evaluation in accordance with the bid criteria clearly laid down in the RFP. b. It is recognized that without a proper feasibility study for a particular site-specific hydel or indigenous fuel-based/renewable resource-based project, it will not be possible to invite competitive bids and receive firm offers. Thus detailed feasibility studies for such projects will be carried out by the public/private sector before bids are invited and the Letter of Support (LOS) issued. The feasibility study may be conducted by the private sector only on raw sites, provided the proposal for the project on raw site has been reviewed/accepted and a Letter of Interest (LOI) issued after submission of the required bank guarantee. c. Hydel projects in the private sector will be implemented on Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) basis. Thermal projects in the private sector, however, will be established either on BOOT or Build-Own-Operate (BOO) basis. Decision in the matter would be made on a case-to-case basis. The projects based on BOOT shall be transferred at the end of concession period to Government of Pakistan. . Competitive tariffs will comprise an Energy Purchase Price (EPP) and a Capacity Purchase Price (CPP) with adequate provision for escalation. The CPP in case of hydel projects will be approximately 60% to 66% of the levelized tariff, because of the relatively low EPP. e. The Government of Pakistan will guarantee that the terms and conditions of executed agreements, i. e. , the Implementation Agreement (IA), Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), Fuel Supply Agreement (FSA)/Gas Supply Agreement (GSA), and Water Use License (WUL), including payment terms, are maintained during the term of the agreements. Power companies will be allowed to import plant and equipment not manufactured locally (for hydel and thermal projects including projects based upon renewable resources) at concessionary rates. Companies will also be completely exempted from the payment of income tax, including turnover tax, and withholding tax on imports. However, there will be no exemption from payment of these taxes on oil-fired power projects. g. To promote indigenization, the local engineering industry will be encouraged to form joint ventures with foreign companies in order to develop power projects with a cumulative capacity of at least 2000 MW by the year 2015.

AFRICOM Airpower Challenges One Flew over the Arab Spring Nest. The US on Air Operations in Libya

Abstract The period of the Arab Spring was, doubtlessly, one of those events that shape the world history.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on AFRICOM Airpower Challenges: One Flew over the Arab Spring Nest. The US on Air Operations in Libya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Followed by massive outbursts of violence and aggression, revolts in Libya had clearly gone completely out of control by the time that the world’s most powerful states could possibly do anything about it. Therefore, the situation concerning the revolt in Libya, as well as numerous terrorist acts arranged by the Libyan rebels, required urgent regulation. Consequently, the assistance provided by the American Air Forces was more than welcome by the European states. However, because of the breach of the U.S. Air Force Code of Ethics, which dictated that no actions of the air force crew should affect civilians, the measures undertaken b y the U.S. military was considered inhumane and unnecessarily violent. In a retrospective, it might seem that some of the actions taken by the members of the U.S. Air Force, as well as the commands given by the commanders, could have been less aggressive. There is no reason to deny that a number of things should have been done differently when addressing the problem of the Libyan revolt, especially concerning the actions of the military towards the citizens. Still, despite the fact that the U.S. Air Force has been accused of being too harsh on the Libyan citizens and breaking the Code of Ethics, which states that no civilians should be harmed in the process of revolt regulation, the decisions made by the U.S. Air Force commanders can still be justified.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By taking a closer look at the events of the Arab Spring and evaluating the co nsequences, one can draw a number of important lessons regarding ethics and military regulations of revolts. AFRICOM Airpower Challenges: One Flew over the Arab Spring Nest. The US on Air Operations in Libya Introduction The idea of protecting the Libyan population from the turmoil of the Arab Spring was definitely reasonable. However, it is worth keeping in mind that the U.S. AFRICOM faced a number of challenges when providing its assistance to the Libyan population. Ranging from strategic to ethical, these concerns demanded urgent solutions, the latter predetermining the fate of the Libyan nation. If AFRICOM had paced the actions of the U.S. Air Forces in Libya more carefully, it would have avoided the accusations of the breach of the U.S. Air Force Doctrine ethics, as well as ethical norms adopted in Europe. First Challenge: Kinetic Targeting vs. Non-Kinetic Targeting Since, according to the Air Force Doctrine Document 3-0 9 November 2012, â€Å"Commanders employ lethal and nonl ethal means, through kinetic and non-kinetic actions to create desired effects†1, it was necessary to come up with the strategy that allowed for attacking only the people who posed a threat to the well-being of the civilians and at the same time avoiding harming the latter. Indeed, when analyzing the critique of the endeavors of the American Air Forces in regulating the political issues within Libya, one may notice that the claim of the U.S. Air Forces being unnecessary cruel to the civil population of the state are quite recurrent. True, the AFRICOM organization was to face the dilemma of either being called unnecessarily violent for attacking both rebels and civilians, or providing inefficient help to the Libyan population, therefore, making the situation regarding the rebellion even more drastic. In a retrospective, one could argue that taking such drastic actions as kinetic targeting was the only possible way of quelling the riot.Advertising We will write a custom res earch paper sample on AFRICOM Airpower Challenges: One Flew over the Arab Spring Nest. The US on Air Operations in Libya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it was obvious that, from an ethical point of view, the U.S. Air Force and the AFRICOM did not handle the challenge of attacking solely the sources of conflict without hurting the civilians. Second Challenge: Collateral Damage. Between Scylla and Charybdis Stemming from the previous concern, the possibility of collateral damage as a result of the increase in civilians’ aggression was also to be prevented by the AFRICOM. According to the existing code of the AFRICOM organization, in the process of an operation, the possibility of a collateral damage must be driven to zero, which the AFRICOM officials clearly failed to carry out. As the Joint Operation Planning guide says, it is the concern of the commander of the plane, as well as the staff, to â€Å"determine how to maximize combat power against the enemy while protecting the friendly forces and minimizing collateral damage†2. Again, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that the AFRICOM was in a no-win situation: if the U.S. air forces focused on striking down the rebellions, the process would have taken too much time for the operation to be carried out successfully; more likely, by the time that the U.S. had located the headquarters of the rebellions, the latter would have succeeded with the revolution, probably, killing even more innocent people in the process. If the U.S. Air Forces had attacked the entire state without even taking the political convictions of their targets into account, the world community, as well as Libya, would have called them barbarians, who should have known better than intruding the political issues of another state. Therefore, even though the actions of the AFRICOM should have been more subtle, at present, the policy adopted by the U.S. Air Force seems rather legitimate.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Third Challenge: Molding an Efficient Command Policy As the recent records show, AFRICOM clearly lacked a well structured command policy3. As a result, when the necessity to maintain command policy in Libya appeared, AFRICOM had to come up with a new one within a relatively short amount of time. With the lack of cultural understanding of the Libyan conflict, AFRICOM had very little chances for success in creating a brand new and nonetheless efficient command policy on the spot. There is no need to stress the significance of a command policy that has been planned ahead and, therefore, can provide several strategies depending on the outcomes of the actions that were taken previously. Without a decent basis, a command policy cannot possibly exist, which the case of the on-air operations on Libya, which the U.S. undertook, has proven. Analyzing the situation created by AFRICOM, one can hardly spot the point at which it became obvious that the command policy needed reconsideration. While at the start of the operation, Locklear specified that the course of the future actions had been designed properly: Locklear said one of the first things he did was obtain copies of the US Joint Forces Command â€Å"Joint Task Force Commanders Handbook† and give them to his component commanders so that they would understand their roles and responsibilities and how the force would be structured and organized4, the further commentaries on the actions that the American Air Forces carried out in Libya pointed at the necessity to use the OPCON relationship5. Seeing how the U.S. could have agreed with the OPCON concerning the future cooperation in Libya in advance, the command policy clearly left much to be desired. Analysis: Facing the Challenges. When the Big Game Starts Although the U.S. Air Forces could have done much better in their on-air operations on Libya, the given case provides the foil for crafting more efficient strategies for providing political assistance to the sta tes that need it, e.g., Syria. In a retrospective, the issue regarding the attacks on the civilians seems the most dubious aspect of the AFRICOM Air Forces performance. Taking a look back at the strategies that the U.S. Air Forces adopted towards the protection of the Libyan population and the ones that were supposed to make the enemy surrender, one must admit that these strategies could be better thought out6. Either for the lack of time, or care, the U.S. Air Forces attacked a number of civilians along with their actual targets, which could have been avoided, had the AFRICOM suggested a more elaborate strategy of taking the rebels down. Given the technological possibilities, the key rebels locations, along with the rebel headquarters, could have been attacked, which would have made the rebels less enthusiastic about the further terrorist acts. Thus, the lives of a number of civilians would have been spared. It is also remarkable that the command policy, which is traditionally desi gned with a careful consideration of the tiniest obstacles that may possibly appear in the way of the people performing the military operations, was more than flawed. As the existing pieces of evidence show, the command policies clearly lacked clarity and coherency; in fact, command policies for the Libya operations were half-baked, with little understanding of the cultural and political specifics of the setting: â€Å"Guidance from the White House and DOD was confusing†7, as Libya: Operation ODYSSEY DAWN (OOD) Executive Summary reports. Hence, it can be assumed that, on the one hand, the U.S. is to blame for the inconsistencies in the policy adopted for the operation. On the other hand, it still must be admitted that, with the deficiency of information for further actions, the U.S. Air Forces managed to carry out the operation with a relative success8. Conclusion Despite the fact that the US on air operations in Libya were admittedly harsh and affected not only the rebels, b ut also the civilians, with around 4,000 people falling prey to the incautious actions of the AFRICOM air forces, the results were quite satisfying. While the Operation Odyssey Dawn was far from perfect, it can be used as a lesson to learn when providing similar assistance to Syria9. Claiming that the operations that were carried out in Syria by the U.S. Air Force were impeccable would mean making too big a stretch – after all, the world community has pointed at the obvious lack of humanity in the actions of the U.S. Air Force. AFRICOM should have paced the strategy of the U.S. Air Forces in Libya more carefully, as well as address the issue of kinetic and non-kinetic targeting. With a more elaborate strategy and the attacks of the center of aggression instead of blind attacks across the state, AFRICOM would not have been judged for the lack of ethics in the Arab Spring operation. Reference List AFRICOM and the Recolonization of Africa. 2012, Aug. 2. http://www.africanglobe.n et/featured/africom-recolonisation-africa-read-article/. Air Force Doctrine Document 3-0 9 November 2012. Washington, DC: Joint Publications 3-0, 2012. Garamone, Jim. Africa Command Learns from Libya Operations. 2011, Sep.15. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=65344. Joint Operation Planning. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Navy Publications, 2011. Libya: Operation ODYSSEY DAWN (OOD) Executive Summary. Suffolk, VA: JCOA, 2011. Miles, Donna. Africom Forms Military Relationships with Libya. 2012, June 15. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=116756. Stevenson, Jonathan. AFRICOM’s Libyan Expedition. 2011, May 9. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67844/jonathan-stevenson/africoms-libyan-expedition. Footnotes 1 Air Force Doctrine Document 3-0 9 November 2012 (Washington, DC: Joint Publications 3-0, 2012), 18. 2 Joint Operation Planning (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Navy Publications, 2011), IV-29. 3 AFRICOM and the Recolonization of Africa (2012, Aug. 2), http://www.africa nglobe.net/featured/africom-recolonisation-africa-read-article/ . 4 Libya: Operation ODYSSEY DAWN (OOD) Executive Summary (Suffolk, VA: JCOA, 2011), 3. 5 Joint Operation Planning (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Navy Publications, 2011), 24. 6 Jonathan Stevenson, AFRICOM’s Libyan Expedition (2011, May 9), http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67844/jonathan-stevenson/africoms-libyan-expedition (). 7 Libya: Operation ODYSSEY DAWN (OOD) Executive Summary (Suffolk, VA: JCOA, 2011), 15. 8 Jim Garamone, Africa Command Learns from Libya Operations, 2011, Sep.15, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=65344 . 9 Donna Miles, Africom Forms Military Relationships with Libya, 2012, June 15, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=116756 . 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Essay Sample on the Persian Gulf War

Essay Sample on the Persian Gulf War Free sample essay on The Persian Gulf War: The Persian Gulf War, also known to Americans a Operation Desert storm, was one of the most defining events in American history. It was the one war that Americans fought in and had very little loss of life! Said mother when I asked her about the war and what she thought of it. And that was very true since almost all of the 500,000 troops sent into Kuwait came home safe and sound. This war was also one of technological superiority which greatly favored American forces. The use of guided bombs, missiles and almost invisible planes made it easy for the American forces to take out key targets on the Iraqi battle ground. The war began because the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussain believed that Kuwait was over producing oil and that they stole oil form other oil fields. This quickly escalated to an all out war and had the oil-thirsty man Saddam and his troops stormed into Kuwait with guns in hand and thoughts of destruction and greed on their minds. This upset American president George Bush who immediately gave a call to congress to act against this devilish crook who struck fear into the eyes of his enemies and his own suffering people. Congress agreed and Bush sent in 500,000 men to fight for the liberation of Kuwait and its valued natural recourse. Stealth bombers, F-15 fighter jets, and B-2 bombers bombarded the Kuwaiti soil demolishing any and all Iraqi military targets and clearing a path for the American clean up crew, who with great ease took out any remaining resistance. The Persian Gulf War though short gave new self pride and honor to American people said my father after reflecting on the wars outcome. And that is so true, because today American people stand proud next to their leader knowing that he will serve his country and his countries people to the fullest of his abilities. Giving us a safe home and a powerful, capable army to support us and rush blindly into battle to protect the country they so love and care for. This is what makes this country the greatest country on earth and is still being proven today on the battle grounds of Iraq. Where men and women fight side by side for the greater good and to defend the innocent of the world.

Sickle cell anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sickle cell anemia - Research Paper Example Most people do not know the difference between the sickle cell disease and the sickle cell trait and instead they ignore all this and discover only after the baby has been screened and found to have the trait or the disease. If the mothers were aware about the sickle cell anaemia, they would go for screening but for most mothers they are not aware of the disease and they therefore cannot be educated on how to take care of themselves and their children when it comes to anaemia. Sickle cell anaemia has been said to be mostly evident in African- American women. The interview taken showed that most of them were not aware that the disease is most prominent among them and they were not aware of what to do if they are found to be having the said disease. The demographics of the sample show that most of the women who were interviewed are paid below 50,000 dollars. An interview should have been conducted that shows the search relating to those women who are paid above 50,000 dollars in order to reflect how poverty contributes to the disease. This would have shown if most of the women who are paid over 50,000 dollars have been screened and if they aware about the disease or if it is just a matter of ignorance from everyone. The sample was only focused on African -American women who earned less than 50,000 dollars. It would have been widened to include women who were not African-American so that it can be shown that the disease is mainly prone to African-American women. This would have created the distinction between other ethnic groups and tribes and the African- American women. The sample indeed showed that most of the pregnant women were not aware about the disease but this could be so because they do not receive any education regarding the disease and therefore get into relationships without knowing if they have the disease or not. Others choose not to share such information to their partners out of fear of what would happen if they gave out such information. It has b een said that most of the women fear telling their husbands that they have the disease. A sample of husbands who have sickle cell or those whose children have sickle cell should also have been included to see if they are aware of how the disease is transferred. Ignorant husband are also a contributory factor to the spread of the disease. If you take an example of the men who have sickle cell anaemia, a fraction of the men would have portrayed that most of them did not share with their wives the fact that they had anaemia. Another study would have been carried out for those husbands who did have the sickle cell disease to reflect whether they shared the fact to their wives and if they shared it what precautions they took. The spouse’s ignorance too, leads to the spread of the disease as much as it is a disease that is rampant among pregnant mothers. The knowledge of one of the spouses would have contributed a great deal if they shared the fact to their partners. Since their pa rtners do not want to tell their wives that, they have sickle cell anaemia and on the other hand, the wives fear telling their husbands this leads to a situation where the disease is only discovered while giving birth. A sample of the children with anaemia should have been taken to reveal whether the children are aware of the disease or for those who have it whether they are on medication or if they are on treatment for the same. A great risk is