Friday, November 29, 2019

AFRICOM Airpower Challenges One Flew over the Arab Spring Nest. The US on Air Operations in Libya

Abstract The period of the Arab Spring was, doubtlessly, one of those events that shape the world history.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on AFRICOM Airpower Challenges: One Flew over the Arab Spring Nest. The US on Air Operations in Libya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Followed by massive outbursts of violence and aggression, revolts in Libya had clearly gone completely out of control by the time that the world’s most powerful states could possibly do anything about it. Therefore, the situation concerning the revolt in Libya, as well as numerous terrorist acts arranged by the Libyan rebels, required urgent regulation. Consequently, the assistance provided by the American Air Forces was more than welcome by the European states. However, because of the breach of the U.S. Air Force Code of Ethics, which dictated that no actions of the air force crew should affect civilians, the measures undertaken b y the U.S. military was considered inhumane and unnecessarily violent. In a retrospective, it might seem that some of the actions taken by the members of the U.S. Air Force, as well as the commands given by the commanders, could have been less aggressive. There is no reason to deny that a number of things should have been done differently when addressing the problem of the Libyan revolt, especially concerning the actions of the military towards the citizens. Still, despite the fact that the U.S. Air Force has been accused of being too harsh on the Libyan citizens and breaking the Code of Ethics, which states that no civilians should be harmed in the process of revolt regulation, the decisions made by the U.S. Air Force commanders can still be justified.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By taking a closer look at the events of the Arab Spring and evaluating the co nsequences, one can draw a number of important lessons regarding ethics and military regulations of revolts. AFRICOM Airpower Challenges: One Flew over the Arab Spring Nest. The US on Air Operations in Libya Introduction The idea of protecting the Libyan population from the turmoil of the Arab Spring was definitely reasonable. However, it is worth keeping in mind that the U.S. AFRICOM faced a number of challenges when providing its assistance to the Libyan population. Ranging from strategic to ethical, these concerns demanded urgent solutions, the latter predetermining the fate of the Libyan nation. If AFRICOM had paced the actions of the U.S. Air Forces in Libya more carefully, it would have avoided the accusations of the breach of the U.S. Air Force Doctrine ethics, as well as ethical norms adopted in Europe. First Challenge: Kinetic Targeting vs. Non-Kinetic Targeting Since, according to the Air Force Doctrine Document 3-0 9 November 2012, â€Å"Commanders employ lethal and nonl ethal means, through kinetic and non-kinetic actions to create desired effects†1, it was necessary to come up with the strategy that allowed for attacking only the people who posed a threat to the well-being of the civilians and at the same time avoiding harming the latter. Indeed, when analyzing the critique of the endeavors of the American Air Forces in regulating the political issues within Libya, one may notice that the claim of the U.S. Air Forces being unnecessary cruel to the civil population of the state are quite recurrent. True, the AFRICOM organization was to face the dilemma of either being called unnecessarily violent for attacking both rebels and civilians, or providing inefficient help to the Libyan population, therefore, making the situation regarding the rebellion even more drastic. In a retrospective, one could argue that taking such drastic actions as kinetic targeting was the only possible way of quelling the riot.Advertising We will write a custom res earch paper sample on AFRICOM Airpower Challenges: One Flew over the Arab Spring Nest. The US on Air Operations in Libya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it was obvious that, from an ethical point of view, the U.S. Air Force and the AFRICOM did not handle the challenge of attacking solely the sources of conflict without hurting the civilians. Second Challenge: Collateral Damage. Between Scylla and Charybdis Stemming from the previous concern, the possibility of collateral damage as a result of the increase in civilians’ aggression was also to be prevented by the AFRICOM. According to the existing code of the AFRICOM organization, in the process of an operation, the possibility of a collateral damage must be driven to zero, which the AFRICOM officials clearly failed to carry out. As the Joint Operation Planning guide says, it is the concern of the commander of the plane, as well as the staff, to â€Å"determine how to maximize combat power against the enemy while protecting the friendly forces and minimizing collateral damage†2. Again, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that the AFRICOM was in a no-win situation: if the U.S. air forces focused on striking down the rebellions, the process would have taken too much time for the operation to be carried out successfully; more likely, by the time that the U.S. had located the headquarters of the rebellions, the latter would have succeeded with the revolution, probably, killing even more innocent people in the process. If the U.S. Air Forces had attacked the entire state without even taking the political convictions of their targets into account, the world community, as well as Libya, would have called them barbarians, who should have known better than intruding the political issues of another state. Therefore, even though the actions of the AFRICOM should have been more subtle, at present, the policy adopted by the U.S. Air Force seems rather legitimate.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Third Challenge: Molding an Efficient Command Policy As the recent records show, AFRICOM clearly lacked a well structured command policy3. As a result, when the necessity to maintain command policy in Libya appeared, AFRICOM had to come up with a new one within a relatively short amount of time. With the lack of cultural understanding of the Libyan conflict, AFRICOM had very little chances for success in creating a brand new and nonetheless efficient command policy on the spot. There is no need to stress the significance of a command policy that has been planned ahead and, therefore, can provide several strategies depending on the outcomes of the actions that were taken previously. Without a decent basis, a command policy cannot possibly exist, which the case of the on-air operations on Libya, which the U.S. undertook, has proven. Analyzing the situation created by AFRICOM, one can hardly spot the point at which it became obvious that the command policy needed reconsideration. While at the start of the operation, Locklear specified that the course of the future actions had been designed properly: Locklear said one of the first things he did was obtain copies of the US Joint Forces Command â€Å"Joint Task Force Commanders Handbook† and give them to his component commanders so that they would understand their roles and responsibilities and how the force would be structured and organized4, the further commentaries on the actions that the American Air Forces carried out in Libya pointed at the necessity to use the OPCON relationship5. Seeing how the U.S. could have agreed with the OPCON concerning the future cooperation in Libya in advance, the command policy clearly left much to be desired. Analysis: Facing the Challenges. When the Big Game Starts Although the U.S. Air Forces could have done much better in their on-air operations on Libya, the given case provides the foil for crafting more efficient strategies for providing political assistance to the sta tes that need it, e.g., Syria. In a retrospective, the issue regarding the attacks on the civilians seems the most dubious aspect of the AFRICOM Air Forces performance. Taking a look back at the strategies that the U.S. Air Forces adopted towards the protection of the Libyan population and the ones that were supposed to make the enemy surrender, one must admit that these strategies could be better thought out6. Either for the lack of time, or care, the U.S. Air Forces attacked a number of civilians along with their actual targets, which could have been avoided, had the AFRICOM suggested a more elaborate strategy of taking the rebels down. Given the technological possibilities, the key rebels locations, along with the rebel headquarters, could have been attacked, which would have made the rebels less enthusiastic about the further terrorist acts. Thus, the lives of a number of civilians would have been spared. It is also remarkable that the command policy, which is traditionally desi gned with a careful consideration of the tiniest obstacles that may possibly appear in the way of the people performing the military operations, was more than flawed. As the existing pieces of evidence show, the command policies clearly lacked clarity and coherency; in fact, command policies for the Libya operations were half-baked, with little understanding of the cultural and political specifics of the setting: â€Å"Guidance from the White House and DOD was confusing†7, as Libya: Operation ODYSSEY DAWN (OOD) Executive Summary reports. Hence, it can be assumed that, on the one hand, the U.S. is to blame for the inconsistencies in the policy adopted for the operation. On the other hand, it still must be admitted that, with the deficiency of information for further actions, the U.S. Air Forces managed to carry out the operation with a relative success8. Conclusion Despite the fact that the US on air operations in Libya were admittedly harsh and affected not only the rebels, b ut also the civilians, with around 4,000 people falling prey to the incautious actions of the AFRICOM air forces, the results were quite satisfying. While the Operation Odyssey Dawn was far from perfect, it can be used as a lesson to learn when providing similar assistance to Syria9. Claiming that the operations that were carried out in Syria by the U.S. Air Force were impeccable would mean making too big a stretch – after all, the world community has pointed at the obvious lack of humanity in the actions of the U.S. Air Force. AFRICOM should have paced the strategy of the U.S. Air Forces in Libya more carefully, as well as address the issue of kinetic and non-kinetic targeting. With a more elaborate strategy and the attacks of the center of aggression instead of blind attacks across the state, AFRICOM would not have been judged for the lack of ethics in the Arab Spring operation. Reference List AFRICOM and the Recolonization of Africa. 2012, Aug. 2. http://www.africanglobe.n et/featured/africom-recolonisation-africa-read-article/. Air Force Doctrine Document 3-0 9 November 2012. Washington, DC: Joint Publications 3-0, 2012. Garamone, Jim. Africa Command Learns from Libya Operations. 2011, Sep.15. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=65344. Joint Operation Planning. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Navy Publications, 2011. Libya: Operation ODYSSEY DAWN (OOD) Executive Summary. Suffolk, VA: JCOA, 2011. Miles, Donna. Africom Forms Military Relationships with Libya. 2012, June 15. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=116756. Stevenson, Jonathan. AFRICOM’s Libyan Expedition. 2011, May 9. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67844/jonathan-stevenson/africoms-libyan-expedition. Footnotes 1 Air Force Doctrine Document 3-0 9 November 2012 (Washington, DC: Joint Publications 3-0, 2012), 18. 2 Joint Operation Planning (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Navy Publications, 2011), IV-29. 3 AFRICOM and the Recolonization of Africa (2012, Aug. 2), http://www.africa nglobe.net/featured/africom-recolonisation-africa-read-article/ . 4 Libya: Operation ODYSSEY DAWN (OOD) Executive Summary (Suffolk, VA: JCOA, 2011), 3. 5 Joint Operation Planning (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Navy Publications, 2011), 24. 6 Jonathan Stevenson, AFRICOM’s Libyan Expedition (2011, May 9), http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67844/jonathan-stevenson/africoms-libyan-expedition (). 7 Libya: Operation ODYSSEY DAWN (OOD) Executive Summary (Suffolk, VA: JCOA, 2011), 15. 8 Jim Garamone, Africa Command Learns from Libya Operations, 2011, Sep.15, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=65344 . 9 Donna Miles, Africom Forms Military Relationships with Libya, 2012, June 15, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=116756 . 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Monday, November 25, 2019

Essay Sample on the Persian Gulf War

Essay Sample on the Persian Gulf War Free sample essay on The Persian Gulf War: The Persian Gulf War, also known to Americans a Operation Desert storm, was one of the most defining events in American history. It was the one war that Americans fought in and had very little loss of life! Said mother when I asked her about the war and what she thought of it. And that was very true since almost all of the 500,000 troops sent into Kuwait came home safe and sound. This war was also one of technological superiority which greatly favored American forces. The use of guided bombs, missiles and almost invisible planes made it easy for the American forces to take out key targets on the Iraqi battle ground. The war began because the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussain believed that Kuwait was over producing oil and that they stole oil form other oil fields. This quickly escalated to an all out war and had the oil-thirsty man Saddam and his troops stormed into Kuwait with guns in hand and thoughts of destruction and greed on their minds. This upset American president George Bush who immediately gave a call to congress to act against this devilish crook who struck fear into the eyes of his enemies and his own suffering people. Congress agreed and Bush sent in 500,000 men to fight for the liberation of Kuwait and its valued natural recourse. Stealth bombers, F-15 fighter jets, and B-2 bombers bombarded the Kuwaiti soil demolishing any and all Iraqi military targets and clearing a path for the American clean up crew, who with great ease took out any remaining resistance. The Persian Gulf War though short gave new self pride and honor to American people said my father after reflecting on the wars outcome. And that is so true, because today American people stand proud next to their leader knowing that he will serve his country and his countries people to the fullest of his abilities. Giving us a safe home and a powerful, capable army to support us and rush blindly into battle to protect the country they so love and care for. This is what makes this country the greatest country on earth and is still being proven today on the battle grounds of Iraq. Where men and women fight side by side for the greater good and to defend the innocent of the world.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Sickle cell anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sickle cell anemia - Research Paper Example Most people do not know the difference between the sickle cell disease and the sickle cell trait and instead they ignore all this and discover only after the baby has been screened and found to have the trait or the disease. If the mothers were aware about the sickle cell anaemia, they would go for screening but for most mothers they are not aware of the disease and they therefore cannot be educated on how to take care of themselves and their children when it comes to anaemia. Sickle cell anaemia has been said to be mostly evident in African- American women. The interview taken showed that most of them were not aware that the disease is most prominent among them and they were not aware of what to do if they are found to be having the said disease. The demographics of the sample show that most of the women who were interviewed are paid below 50,000 dollars. An interview should have been conducted that shows the search relating to those women who are paid above 50,000 dollars in order to reflect how poverty contributes to the disease. This would have shown if most of the women who are paid over 50,000 dollars have been screened and if they aware about the disease or if it is just a matter of ignorance from everyone. The sample was only focused on African -American women who earned less than 50,000 dollars. It would have been widened to include women who were not African-American so that it can be shown that the disease is mainly prone to African-American women. This would have created the distinction between other ethnic groups and tribes and the African- American women. The sample indeed showed that most of the pregnant women were not aware about the disease but this could be so because they do not receive any education regarding the disease and therefore get into relationships without knowing if they have the disease or not. Others choose not to share such information to their partners out of fear of what would happen if they gave out such information. It has b een said that most of the women fear telling their husbands that they have the disease. A sample of husbands who have sickle cell or those whose children have sickle cell should also have been included to see if they are aware of how the disease is transferred. Ignorant husband are also a contributory factor to the spread of the disease. If you take an example of the men who have sickle cell anaemia, a fraction of the men would have portrayed that most of them did not share with their wives the fact that they had anaemia. Another study would have been carried out for those husbands who did have the sickle cell disease to reflect whether they shared the fact to their wives and if they shared it what precautions they took. The spouse’s ignorance too, leads to the spread of the disease as much as it is a disease that is rampant among pregnant mothers. The knowledge of one of the spouses would have contributed a great deal if they shared the fact to their partners. Since their pa rtners do not want to tell their wives that, they have sickle cell anaemia and on the other hand, the wives fear telling their husbands this leads to a situation where the disease is only discovered while giving birth. A sample of the children with anaemia should have been taken to reveal whether the children are aware of the disease or for those who have it whether they are on medication or if they are on treatment for the same. A great risk is

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Electrical & electronic principles ( lap report ) AC power Assignment

Electrical & electronic principles ( lap report ) AC power - Assignment Example Using the oscilloscope, the current and the voltage waveforms supplies were observed and determined alongside determining the lead or lag angle for the circuit. Various capacitor values were recorded with keen interest in observing their trend. The circuit was first connected with R1 s the coil resistance, with R2 as the low Ohm resistor already used. The component values were all recorded accordingly. Then using the oscilloscope, the current and the voltage supplies were observed, as well as used in determining the lag angle for the circuit. Finally, the data for various capacitors were recorded. Whenever the capacitor is by-passed by an emitter, and capacitance of the coupled capacitor is large in regards to the AC frequency signal, the capacitors would be approximated as a circuit that is short (Alamo, Swirhum & Swanson, 2005). Whenever the input signal or voltage is increased the output voltage and the signal would be further vary around the dc bias point that has been established (Roulston, 2007). This effect would continue up to when the limiting condition of the voltage is reached. For the current in the circuit, the limiting condition would be VCC/RC, at the end, considered to be high, and a zero at the end considered to be low of the swing. The voltage of the emitter collector and the supply limit reaches a limit when they have a zero and VCC. Additionally, the voltage output and the varying current around the point of bias give out ac power towards the load (Zeubman, 2008). The delivered ac power is made to go through the load referred to as RC. AC signal, on the ot her hand, makes the current in the base to be varied around the bias dc current and the current collector around its level of quiescent. The input signal leads to ac signal voltage and the ac current. Increasing the input signal would increase the output swing until when the maximum

Monday, November 18, 2019

Learning in the Learning Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Learning in the Learning Organisation - Essay Example Generally speaking, learning organization is an organization which gives an opportunity to its employees to learn such skills that help them develop professionally. Organizations do help their employees to learn more as it adds value to the organization’s human resource and help the company to sustain its competitive advantage in the market. To be a learning organization is also important because of the change that now takes place very quickly in the market and it is incumbent for the organizations to keep track of these changes (Senge, 1994). Learning organizations Though many researches have been conducted on the area of learning organizations and to define the concept, but no definite definition has yet been provided. Some of the definitions given by some researchers are as under: According to Senge (1990), organizations which provide its employees an opportunity to develop their professional skills in order to achieve job targets more effectively are called learning organi zations. Moreover, such organization also allows its employees to think more creatively and innovative ideas are welcomed. Idea of a learning organization could not be instituted in an organization with out support of top management because it is always upper level management who decides the organizational mission and commands it to the whole organization. ... It’s important for any business to change itself according to the market needs and state its procedures parallel with the changing environment. Employees in learning organizations enhance their skills and abilities to keep pace with the changing needs of the business. Such organizations not only encourage learning at individual level but of organization as a whole. Moreover, results achieved from such learning is implemented to improve the organizational working and get better business results. For an organization it is also important to have such systems and procedures that help make it learning organization and keep it updated with the changes in external environment. An organization must adopt a learning approach towards its procedures and employees must get acquainted with the systems that are implemented to cope with the change. It is also important that such an environment is created in the organization which is flexible and allows employees to participate. Such a flexib le environment would help the workers to share their experiences and learning with each other. Moreover, employees must get self-development opportunities in order to enhance their professional skills at independent level and collaboratively participate in the progress of the organization (Smith, 1999). Pre-requisites of a learning organization For an organization to become a learning organization, there are some requirements that must be met. Senge (1990) has explained five major requirements which an organization must meet in order to be a learning organization. These pre-requisites are as under: 1. Shared Visions: It is important for an organization to have a shared vision because it gives a purpose for existence to an organization.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

the use of assembler directives in microprocessor

the use of assembler directives in microprocessor Abstract This term paper includes the use of assembler directives in microprocessor and the various assembler directives used in Intel microprocessor 8086, its format with various examples. I) Definition An assembler directive is a message to the assembler that tells the assembler something it needs to know in order to carry out the assembly process; for example, an assemble directive tell the assembler where a program is to be located in memory. There are some instructions in the assembly language program which are not a part of processor instruction set. These instructions are instructions to the assembler, linker and loader. These are referred to as pseudo-operations or as assembler directives. II) Use Of Assembler Directives The assembler directives control organization of the program and provide necessary information to the assembler to understand assembly language programs to generate machine codes. They indicate how an operand or a section of program is to be processed by the assembler. An assembler supports directives to define data, to organize segments to control procedures, to define macros etc. An assembly language program consists of two types of statements: instructions and directives. The instructions are translated to machine codes by the assembler whereas the directives are not translated to machine codes. III) Assembler Directives For Intel8086 Microprocessor 1) ASSUME The ASSUME directives is used to inform the assembler the names of the logical segments, which are to be assigned to the different segments used in an assembly language program. In an assembly language program, each segment is given a name by the programmer. For example, the code segment may be given the name CODE or CODE_SEG or MY_CODE, etc. The data segment may be given the name DATA, MY_DATA, DATA_SEG, etc. Examples: i) ASSUME CS : CODE The above directive tells the assembler that the name of the code segment is CODE. This name is a user defined segment name. The segment named CODE contains the machine codes of the instructions. The code segment register (CS register) is to be loaded with the starting address of the code segment, given by the operating system for the label CODE in the assembly language program. ii) ASSUME DS: DATA The above directive informs the assembler that the name of the data segment is DATA. This is a user defined segment name. It contains data of the program which is being executed. The DS register (data segment register) is to be loaded with the starting address of the data segment, given by the operating system for the label DATA in the program. iii) ASSUME SS: STACK The above directive tells the assembler that the name of the stack segment used by the programmer is STACK. This is a user defined segment name. It stores addresses and data of the subroutines, saves the contents a specified register or memory locations after PUSH instruction, etc. The stack segment register SS holds the starting address of the stack segment allotted by the operating system. iv) ASSUME ES: EXTRA The above directive tells the assembler that the name of the extra segment is EXTRA which is a user defined segment name. In Intel 8086 microprocessor, string instructions may use DI register to point the destination memory address for the data. The EXTRA segment is used to hold the addresses pointed by DI. 2) DB (Define Byte) The directive DB a byte type variable. In a given directive statement, there may be single initial value or multiple initial values of the defined variable. If there is one initial value, one byte of memory space is reserved for each value. The general format is: Name of Variable DB Initial value or Values. Examples: i) VELOCITY DB 0 This directive informs assembler to reserve one byte of memory space for the variable named VELOCITY and initialize it with value zero. ii) WEIGHT DB 85 This directive informs assembler to reserve one byte of memory space for the variable named WEIGHT and initialize with value 85. iii) FORCE DB ? This directive directs assembler to reserve one byte of memory space for the variable FORCE. Furthermore, the question mark ? In the data definition informs assembler that the value of the variable is not known and hence, it is not to be initialized. iv) ARRAY DB 32, 42, 59, 67, 83 This directive informs assembler to reserve five bytes of consecutive memory space for the variable named ARRAY. The memory locations are to be initialized with the values 32, 42, 59, 67 and 83. v) MESSAGE DB ‘THANK YOU This directive informs the assembler to reserve the number of bytes of memory space equal to the number of characters in the string named MESSAGE, and initialize the memory locations with ASCII codes of the these characters. 3) DW (Define Word) The directive DW defines a word -type variable. The defined variable may have one or more initial values in the directive statement. If there is one value, two-bytes of memory space are reserved. If there are multiple values, two bytes of memory space are reserved for each value. The general formula is: Name of variable DW Initial Value or Values. Examples: i) SUM DW 3596. This directive informs the assembler to reserve two bytes (one word) of consecutive memory locations for the variable named SUM and initialize it with the value 3596. ii) NUMBER DW ‘25 The above directive statement informs assembler to reserve two bytes of consecutive memory locations for the variable named NUMBER. The first byte of the memory is to be initialized with the ASCII code of two (32) and the second byte is to be initialized with the ASCII code of five (35). Hence, the two bytes of memory space contain 3235H. iii) DATA DW 5384, 6932, 5 DUP (3456), 7384 This directive informs assembler to reserve 16 bytes of consecutive memory locations. The number 3456 is repeated five times. Memory locations are initialized with 5384,6932, 3456, 3456, 3456,3456, 3456 and 7384. 4) DD (Define Double Word) This directive DD defines a double word-type variable. The defined variable may have one or more values in the statement. If there is only one value, four bytes of consecutive memory locations are reserved. If there are multiple values, four bytes of memory locations are reserved for each value. The general format is: Name of Variable DD Initial value or values Example: NUMBER DD 23958634 The above directive informs assembler to reserve four bytes of memory locations for the variable named NUMBER and initialize with the number 23958634. 5) DQ (Define Quadword) The directive DQ defines a quadword- type variable. The defined variable may have one or more values in the statement. If there is only one value, 8 bytes of consecutive memory locations are reserved. If there are multiple values, 8 bytes of memory space are reserved for each value. The general format is: Name of Variable DQ Initial value or values Example: NUMBER DQ 1568934893846735 The above directive informs assembler to reserve 8 bytes of consecutive memory locations for the variable named NUMBER and initialize with the above mentioned number. 6) DT (Define Tenbytes) The directive DT defines a variable of ten bytes. In the directive statement there may be one or more values. If there is only one value, 10 bytes of consecutive memory locations are reserved. If there are multiple values, ten consecutive memory locations are reserved for each value. The general format is: Name of Variable DT Initial value or values Example: NUMBER DT 34968435876934839251 The above directive informs assembler to reserve 10 bytes of consecutive memory locations for the variable named NUMBER and initialize with the above specified values. 7) END (End of Program) The directive END informs assembler the end of a program module. This is used after the last statement of the program module. This assembler ignores statement(s) after an END directive. Therefore, the programmer should use END directive at the very end of his program module. A carriage return is used after the END directive. Its general format is: END label 8) ENDP (End Procedure) The directive ENDP informs assembler the end of a procedure. In assembly language programming, subroutines are called procedures. A procedure may be an independent program module to give certain result or the required value to the calling program. A procedure is given a name i.e. a label. The label is used as prefix with directive ENDP. This directive is used together with PROC directive to enclose the procedure. To specify the type of the procedure the term FAR or NEAR is used after the PROC directive. The type FAR indicates that the procedure to be called is in some other segment of memory. Type NEAR indicates that the procedure is in the same segment of memory. If type is not specified, the assembler assumes it NEAR. The general format for ENDP directive is: Procedure Name ENDP Example: SPEED_CONTROL PROC FAR ; Start of Procedure : ; Procedure instructions SPEED_CONTROL ENDP ; End of Procedure 9) ENDM (End Macro) The directive ENDM is used to inform assembler that this is the end of a macro. The directive ENDM is used with the directive MACRO to enclose macro instructions. Example: COMPLIMENT MACRO ; Start of macro : ; Macro instructions ENDM ; End of Macro COMPLIMENT is the name of a macro. The name is given before the directive MCRO which tells the assembler the beginning of a macro. 10) ENDS ( End of Segment) The ENDS directive informs assembler that this is the end of the segment. The name of the segment is given using ASSUME directive which has already been explained. The name of the segment is used as the prefix of the ENDS directive. Its general format is: Segment Name ENDS Example: CODE_SEG SEGMENT ; Start of code segment ; instructions CODE_SEG ENDS ; End of segment 11) EQU (Equate) The directive EQU is used to give a name to certain value or symbol. If any value or symbol is used many times in an assembly language program, a name is given to the value or symbol to make programming easier and simpler. Each time the assembler finds the given name in the program, it replaces the name with the value or symbol which has already been equated with that name. The general format for the EQU directive is: Value Name EQU Value or or Symbol Name Symbol Example: ROOM_TEMP EQU 02H The above directive tells assembler to replace ROOM_TEMP by 02H. If EQU directive is written in the beginning of the program and later on MOV AL, ROOM_TEMP is written in the program, the assembler will treat this instruction as if it were MOV AL, 02H while giving its machine codes. 12) EXTRN (External) This directive informs the assembler that the names, procedures and labels following this directive have already been defined in some other program modules. The names, procedures and labels declared as external in one program module must be declared public using PUBLIC directive in the program module in which they have been defined. When the programmer informs assembler that the declared item is an external one, the assembler puts this information in the object code file so that the linker can connect the concerned two program modules together. The general format for EXTRN directive is: i) EXTRN Variable Name : Type of variable ii) EXTRN Procedure Name : (NEAR/FAR) For external named variable, procedure or constant; its type is to be specified. Examples : i) EXTRN MULTIPLIER : WORD In this directive the variable named MULTIPLIER is an external variable and it is word type variable. ii) EXTRN CORRECTION_FACTOR: ABS In this directive CORRECTION_FACTOR is an external constant. It has been defined with EQU directive in another program module. Constants are identified by type: ABS. 13) LABEL (Label) In an assembly language program labels are used to give names to memory addresses. When assembler begins assembly process, it initializes a location counter to keep the track of memory locations i.e. memory addresses. The content of the location counter holds the address of the memory location assigned to an instruction during assembly process. The LABEL directive is used to give a name to the current value in the location counter i.e. the current memory address which is in the location counter. The type of label is to be specified. The general format of the LABEL directive is: LABEL Label Name Label Type Example: AHEAD LABEL NEAR Instruction Instruction AHEAD AHEAD Instruction 14) LENGTH ( Length) It is an operator to determine the number of elements in a data item such as an array or a string. Example: DATA SEGMENT ARRAY DW 10 DUP(?) NUMBERS DB 10 DUP(?) DATA ENDS The LENGTH operator can be used as follows: i) MOV CX, LENGTH ARRAY ii) MOV CX, LENGTH NUMBERS In both examples i) and ii), the execution of the instruction will move number 10 in the register CX as the number of elements are 10 in both the variables ARRAY as well as NUMBERS. 15) PROC (Procedure) The directive PROC indicate the start of a procedure. The type of the procedure FAR or NEAR is to be specified after the directive. The type NEAR is used to call a procedure which is within the program module. The type FAR is used to call a procedure from some other program module. The PROC directive is used with ENDP directive to enclose a procedure. The general format of the PROC directive is: Name of procedure PROC type of procedure Example : i) TEMP_MEAST PROC FAR The above procedure is for temperature measurement and it lies in some other program module. There are other directives also which includes TYPE (Type), STRUCT OR STRUC (Structure Declaration), SIZE (Size), SHORT (Short), SEG (Segment), RECORD (Record), PUBLIC (Public), MACRO, NAME (Name), OFFSET (Offset) etc.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Contrasting Responsibility in Carvers Fever and Baldwins Sonnys B

What allows a human being to constantly face-up to the responsibilities of life? What makes a mother or father continue to clothe, feed, and pick up their child from school? What makes a person wake up every morning to go to a job he or she hates, come home, and begin the whole process the following morning? Is it "responsibility" that makes a person do what they have to do, or rather is it fearing the consequence? Truthfully, this would depend on the situation. Parents would most likely fulfill their responsibility towards their child or children because of love; but a person who hates his or her job probably continues to do it fearing the consequence of unemployment. In the end, one realizes that despite all the responsibilities a person has, the choice to execute it is ultimately left to the individual. Two short stories that examine the theme of responsibility are "Sonny's Blues" by James Baldwin and "Fever" by Raymond Carver. In "Sonny's Blues", the narrator's elderly mother tells him to never allow anything bad to happen to his younger brother, Sonny. Although Sonny's injurious decisions result in both brothers distancing themselves from each other, the older brother finds it within himself to love his brother and do everything he can do to take care of him. In "Fever", the other short story, the narrator's wife, Eileen, abandons her life as a wife and mother of two children to pursue a career as an artist with another man. This sudden abandonment of all maternal responsibilities without reservation characterizes her as a free-flowing "artiste" that pursues her desires without regarding the impact it might have on others. Both of these short stories show how people approach the issue of familial responsibility. An init... ... what we're supposed to get out of this life..." one realizes that she has put her ambitions and desires above her family and paid no heed to her familial responsibility. Abraham Lincoln once said, "You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today" (www.quotationspage.com). Ironically, one actually can. The narrator in "Sonny's Blues" chose to care for Sonny and accept his responsibility as an older brother. On the other hand, Eileen in "Fever" chose a different path by leaving her family and pursuing her own ambitions. Conclusively, one realizes that despite all the responsibilities a person has, the element of choice determines what happens. Works Cited Carver, Raymond. "Fever" The Harper Anthology of Fiction: Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. Baldwin, James. "Sonny's Blues" in Vintage Baldwin. New York: Vintage, 2004.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Identity of African American Men Essay

â€Å"No metaphor can capture completely the complexity of ethnic dynamics in the U. S. ‘Melting pot’ ignores the persistence and reconfiguration of the ethnicity over the generations. ‘Mosaic,’ much more apt for pluralistic societies such as Kenya or India, is too static a metaphor; it fails to take in to account the easy penetration of many ethnic boundaries. Nor is ‘salad bowl’ appropriate; the ingredients of a salad bowl are mixed but do not change. ‘Rainbow’ is a tantalizing metaphor, but rainbows disappear. ‘Symphony,’ like ‘rainbow,’ implies near perfect harmony; both fail to take into account the variety and range of ethnic conflict in the United States. The most accurately descriptive metaphor, the one that best explains the dynamics of ethnicity, is ‘kaleidoscope. ’ American ethnicity is kaleidoscopic, i. e. ‘complex and varied, changing form, pattern, color†¦ continually shifting from one set of relations to another; rapidly changing. ’ When a kaleidoscope is in motion, the parts give the appearance of relationships. The viewer sees and endless variety of variegated patterns, just as takes place on the American ethnic landscape. †- Lawrence Fuchs (Literature for Composition 1032) â€Å"Identity in America† was the theme chosen by my English 201 study group. This theme was taken from chapter twenty two of the Literature for composition: Reading and Writing Argument text book. However, I focused the broad theme of â€Å"Identity in America† to the more narrowed theme of â€Å"The Display of African American men in the media. † I chose this theme or topic because I felt that I can relate to it and as a matter of fact, it was also interesting to me. But in order to conduct my research on the particular topic, I came up with the following question, â€Å"How has the identity of African American men been displayed by the media: negatively or positively? † This question was chosen in order to provoke an argument for discussion. I conducted several interviews in order to acquire information about my selected topic. The media’s display of the identity of African American men can be discussed or looked at from two angles: negatively or positively. First, from my experience I can say that the media displays African American men in both lights, negatively and positively. But after conducting interviews with several individuals, my opinion has somewhat changed. I was always aware of the negative images of African/black men in the media. But I was not aware that this display had evolved overtime. My first interview was conducted with April T. Glasgow, a communications major at the University of the Virgin Islands on Wednesday 20th February 2008, at approximately ten o’clock in the morning. We conducted the interview at her dorm’s lobby. I had explained the topic prior to meeting with her, so she already had an idea about what issue the discussion would be addressing. Generally, her opinion was that black men were being exploited and portrayed negatively by the media. She also stated strongly that black men were too often portrayed or given the roles of thugs, gangsters, and pimps in films and magazines. In addition, a suggestion she made on how we could resolve this stereotype was that black people must unite and stand up against these negative portrayals especially those in rap music videos. The second interview was carried out that same day with Professor Alex Randall. His general statements were that the media has changed over the years. â€Å"The negative portrayals of the 1960’s and 1970’s have changed,† Randall stated. Randall felt that in modern times, people of color were treated more fairly and given a more positive portrayal in the media. Randall stated that there were many positive images in the media of African Americans, such as Denzel Washington, Barack Obama, Michael Jordan, and Bill Cosby. In addition, Randall said that in previous years no such image could have been seen in the media. â€Å"We are rational human beings and it’s our choice to choose what part of the spectrum of negative and positive images we would want to emulate,† said Randall. This statement impacted me and slightly changed my opinion on the topic. At that point in conducting my primary research for the paper, my position on the topic has somewhat been altered. After conducting the interviews with April T. Glasgow and Professor Alexander Randall I have become more open minded to the issue. I would admit that I was initially a bit biased and reserved on the topic prior to evaluating the topic from both sides; negatively and positively. In order to decide which position I was going to take I would have to do more secondary research on the topic. Since I started this research paper my observation and assessment of the media have taken a different turn. I now compare and contrast men of other races in the media to African American men. My secondary research was, for the most part, completed using internet sources. The articles that I discovered on the web were very useful and contributed greatly to my research. Three internet articles were analyzed to achieve the secondary data for my paper. The first article I examined was â€Å"The Media’s Bias against black men in America. † The article was basically a discussion of a piece written in the New York Times about the plight of American black men. The author, Armstrong Williams, stated that the New York Times article was another example of major media outlets using negative statistics to consistently cast black men as the scourge of this country. Williams made several strong and interesting statements throughout the article that I thought was beneficial to this research paper. For example, according to Williams, â€Å"The continual coverage of the black man’s plight instead of his progress only hinders his growth, holds back our country from true equality, and hides the truth about the opportunities and challenges that we all face†(Williams  ¶4). Williams also suggested that the American public should challenge the lack of coverage of American black progress in this country (Williams  ¶5). â€Å"In the last century black men have literally gone from being slaves to business owners, government leaders, lawyers, doctors, firemen, generals, entertainers, and educators. No other oppressed class of people anywhere else in the world has advanced its standing in a society this quickly† (Williams  ¶6). I was really impressed by the way Armstrong used this statement to present his argument. In addition, Williams stated that the incidence of drug use, crime, scandal, divorce, and other social ills have increased dramatically for white men, but these statistics are not reported as problems about ‘white men’ in America (Williams  ¶6). â€Å"Approximately 9 out of 10 serial killers are white males between the ages of twenty and thirty five. Yet we never hear these statistics repeated over and over again in the mainstream press, making these crimes synonymous with one particular race as in this case with blacks† (Williams  ¶9). Later in the article Williams explained the image the media is creating internationally. The overseas media continuously places black men in negative positions such as school dropouts, irresponsible fathers, and victims of perpetual racism. The manner in which these stories are constructed and then, displayed to listeners and readers eliminates the possibility of believing that black men do not have positive roles (Williams  ¶10). Therefore, I agree with Williams that the repetitive negative articles can create a vicious cycle of harmful images and low expectations of black men. â€Å"The Black Image in the White Mind† is the title of the second internet article that I examined. The article was useful in constructing my opinion on the topic of how African American men are displayed in the media whether negatively or positively. The article presented some useful statistical data that was quite interesting and yet shocking to me. In this article by Robert M. Entman, he stated that a mug shot of a Black defendant is four times more likely to appear in a local television news report than of a White defendant (Entman  ¶2). He went on to say that the accused is two times more likely to be shown physically restrained in a local television news report than when the accused is a white man (Entman  ¶2). According to Entman, â€Å"The name of the accused is two times more likely to be shown on screen in a local TV news report if the defendant is black, rather than white† (Entman  ¶2). In addition, he stated that while black actors are now more visible in media, it is an open question as to how well they are being represented (Entman  ¶2). The Third article that I examined was â€Å"Black youth and mass media: current research and emerging questions† and I found it to be the most interesting of the three. This article was written by Craig Watkins, an Associate Professor of Sociology and Radio-Television- Film at the University of Texas at Austin. The article was basically an outline of some of the important research findings and emergent issues that examine the changing relationship between black American youth and the mass media industry (Watkins  ¶5). Watkins stated that for most of its history the mass media industry has produced images that distort and misrepresent the complexities of the African American experience (Watkins  ¶9). He stated that contemporary media representations of African Americans can be best described as paradoxical because blacks are simultaneously underrepresented and overrepresented in American media culture (Watkins  ¶9). According to Watkins, â€Å"blacks are underrepresented in many areas of mass media they are over represented in television sports broadcasts and crime and violence related portrayals† (Watkins  ¶13). Watkins said that images of blacks in magazines have increased but they are predominantly portrayed in athletic roles. According to Watkins, African American men are more likely to appear as athletes or musicians (Watkins  ¶14). The strongest statement throughout the article was when Watkins stated that the ‘athleticization’ of the black men in the media reproduces and popularizes long-standing myths about biological and intellectual differences between blacks and whites (Watkins  ¶15). Further analysis of Watkins’ article indicated that when African Americans are portrayed in television news it is generally in aggressive, violent, or criminal roles. Also, a recent analysis of the film industry asserts that blacks tend to be restricted to low budget features that focus disproportionately on crime, violence, and youth delinquency. The repetitious display of blacks in athletic roles creates a limited range of adult and professional role models for young black males being that they are faced with only few media images of successful African American men. The internet articles that I examined clearly showed that there is strong evidence to prove that African American men are negatively and unfairly displayed in the media. After examining these internet articles, I felt that even though they were some positive images of African American men in the media the majority of images are in some way biased or negative. After evaluating and examining my internet sources, I turned back my attention to my English 201 text book, Literature for Composition: Reading and Writing Arguments to get some more insight on the matter. While reading through chapter twenty-three, I came up on a quote from Lawrence Fuchs that I found to be tied in well with my overall all theme of identity in America. I decided to place this quote at the beginning of the research paper a sort of introduction to the overall theme. I chose this quote because it describes the complexity and internal conflicts of identity in America. Speaking of conflicts between identities, Hotel Rwanda is a film that displays such conflict to the extreme. This film was shown in class by my English professor because she said that it was in some way related to our theme and that it could also be used as a part of our secondary research. I did not really understand the connection with our theme until I saw the film. Hotel Rwanda is a historical drama about the hotel manager Paul Rusesabagina played by Don Cheadle during the Rwandan genocide and was directed by Terry George in 2004. The movie is actually based on the Rwandan genocide that occurred in 1994 where almost one million of both Tutsi and Hutu individuals were killed. In the movie which is a reflection of what actually took place, the media was used to instigate conflicts between the Tutsi and Hutu. Throughout the actual conflict the media was used as a tool to falsely display Tutsi’s as the scourge of Rwanda. For example, the radio station, RTLM was used to spread negative and hate messages about the Tutsis such as â€Å"Why do we hate the Tutsis? They are cockroaches†¦Rwanda is Hutu land. †(United Arts. Dir. Terry George. United States, 2004) All in all, it is quite evident from the primary and secondary research that there are both negative and positive displays of African American men in the media. Since the interviews I am more aware that the display of African Americans has changed over time for the better. However, from the Internet articles I have discovered that there are still a lot of negative images of African American men in the media. In addition, I learned that there are still many biases when presenting African American men in media whether on radio, television, or magazines. Overall, the research was very interesting and informative. April T. Glasgow and Professor Alexander Randall were very helpful in making my research paper a success. From carrying out this research paper I was able to conduct some interesting interviews, especially with Professor Randall. I was truly able to critically interpret and analyze the investigation in addition to improving my overall research skills. The research process was a learning experience that I will never forget. Works Cited Barnet, Sylvan, Burto William and Cain E. William. Literature for Composition. New York: Longman, 2007. Entman, Robert and Rojecki, Andrew. â€Å"Media and its Portrayal of Black Americans. † racerelations. about. com. New York. 2008. . Glasgow, April T. Personal Interview. 20 Feb. 2008. Hotel Rwanda. Dir. Terry George. Lions Gate Films and United Artists, 2004. Randall, Alexander. Personal Interview. 20 Feb. 2008. Watkins, S. Craig, â€Å"Black Youth and Mass Media: Current Research and Emerging Questions. † < http://www. rcgd. isr. umich. edu/prba/perspectives/winter2000/cwatkins. pdf>. Williams, Armstrong. â€Å"The Media’s Bias Against Black Men in America. † 31 March 2006. .

Saturday, November 9, 2019

The Power of Actions essays

The Power of Actions essays United States of America was attacked on September 11, 2002 by a terrorist organization. The terrorist hijacked Boeing passenger airplanes and crashing two of them into the side of the World Trade Centers in New York City, New York taking the lives of many working citizens and rescuers, and two others. One into a wall of the Pentagon in Washington D.C. and the other into fields outside of Pennsylvania. The organization responsible for these attacks was the al-Qaeda. Members of al-Qaeda lived in the U.S. prior the attacks and were trained how to fly by U.S. schools. They used all of the resources provided by the U.S. for its citizens to plan and plot terrorist attacks on the country that at the time was housing them. The al-Qaeda did what they thought would make the U.S. weak and collapse. Since that day, the U.S. has stood together with more pride in their country and more love for each other since the attacks on Pearl Harbor. The U.S. is not afraid to fight for what they believe in and will protect their homes and its people. Americans will continue to fight against the al-Qaeda and any other terrorist organizations that are believed to be plotting against any other countries. The U.S. citizens had nothing but the World Trade Center in mind and all the lives that were taken. Everyday citizens would tune in on the radio or television to listen for updates on missing people. The citizens wanted retaliation on who ever did the horrendous acts of hate. Many were ready for war and many were ready to fight, but before the U.S. engaged in war, the President of the U.S. let the people know it was not going to be a quick and easy war. "Americans should not expect one battle, but a lengthy campaign, unlike any other we have seen. It may include dramatic strikes, visible on television, and covert operations, secret even in success. We will starve terrorists of funding, turn them one against another, drive them from place to place, until there...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay on Evolutionary Biology

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay on Evolutionary Biology When you want to write about the â€Å"whys and whats† on a specific topic related to Evolutionary Biology , you are actually tasked with understanding the cause and effect of that particular topic/subject. This is what writing a cause and effect essay is all about. You are indeed telling your audience the whats and whys of a specific subject and sharing your own thoughts and opinions along with it. Let’s take two quick examples here: Why Should People Spend Most of their Time Reading Books? What are the Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on our Bodily Health? You must have a pretty good idea by now. There are only three techniques to organize and outline a cause and effect essay. In order for readers to know they’re reading a cause and effect essay on Evolutionary Biology, you must follow one of these outlines to assure that your content is the way it should be, format-wise: 1. Multiple Causes, One Effect Pattern When you have to explain multiple causes that result in a singular effect, this is the pattern you should be using in your writing. In this pattern, you explain the cause that took place and then talk about its effects. You do this repeatedly according to the causes that you have on board. 2. One Cause, Multiple Effects Pattern In some cases, you might want to describe one cause and how it led to multiple effects. If that’s the case, choosing this method is your best option. In this pattern, you explain the cause, why and how it took place and then share multiple effects that ensued. Remember, describe the effects and the cause thoroughly and make a chain so that it’s readable and the reader can maintain a link between the cause and the effects it produced. 3. Domino Pattern or Causal Chain Finally, the third and last pattern is the afore-mentioned one which is the most commonly used patterns by students. It’s also recommended by many professors because it provides a smooth flow of language and retains the attention of a reader. Here’s how it goes: In this pattern, you first discuss the cause that took place and then describe the effect it had, backed by and reasoning and explanations. Then again, you discuss another cause and describe the effects that followed. This is how the rest of the essay follows; depending on how much you want to write on Evolutionary Biology , it can be a really long essay or a short one. Writing a cause and effect essay on Evolutionary Biology by following any of these patterns would ensure that your essay is readable, understandable and retains the attention of the reader, making him/her aware of what you are talking about. It’s highly recommended that you use transitions between the causes and effects to blend in words more naturally and make the flow even smoother. Here are examples of such transitions: So, Since, Because, As, One reason why Consequently, There are several other reasons as well; in fact†¦ Keep in mind that without a good conclusion, your essay won’t make a good impression on your readers. In order to make sure your essay is well-written and admirable, you should restate your thesis and highlight your own feelings and thoughts about Evolutionary Biology. That’s it! After reading our guides 10 facts on a cause and effect essay on evolutionary biology and 20 topics with a sample essay, you will be equipped to write a superb cause and effect essay on evolutionary biology on your own, without any flaws or hurdles whatsoever.

Monday, November 4, 2019

In what ways can marginalized perspectives enrich mainstream Essay

In what ways can marginalized perspectives enrich mainstream psychology - Essay Example A minority stress model is used to understand psychological well-being among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Specifically, this model posits that lesbians, gay men, bisexuals and ethnic minorities may be at increased risk for mental distress because of exposure to stressors related to social antigay attitudes. There has also been increased attention to understanding psychological resilience and the ways in which lesbians, gay men, and ethnic minorities successfully cope with stress and stigma. In addition, assertiveness as a positive psychological process is demonstrated by different aspects of coming out as a lesbian, gay man, or bisexual: identity commitment, identity disclosure, and community involvement. Edward Sampson (1993) argues that the dissatisfaction expressed by minority groups about mainstream psychology can be explained in relation to the notion of identity politics. He defines identity politics as: â€Å"a politics based on the particular life experiences of people who seek to be in control of their own identities and subjectivities and who claim that socially dominant groups have denied them this opportunity† " (p. 1219). The ideology of identity politics may be admirable (or not), the reality is that, as often happens with ideology; the political movement has lost touch with the analytic meaning of its key concept. Just what is an identity The analytic potential needs to be extricated from ideologies of identity (Gainor, K. A. 2000). While the reduction of identity to power has its pitfalls, so too does an essentialist position. To argue that identity is race, or is sex, is to engage in a curious political maneuver. If identity is determined by an unchangeable characteristic of the self, then we have the basis for arguments of separatism. If I am my race or my gender, then all those who do not share my essential characteristic are alien and separate. It becomes very difficult to confront racism and sexism on any terms other than force or numbers. It is to argue that identity precedes existence. Current struggles over "difference feminism" reflect a great ambivalence over the political implications of this kind of argument. To juxtapose the essentialist argument to the thesis that identity is socially constructed through customs and conditioning is to be confronted with a contradiction. It is obvious that aspects of gender roles and racial stereotypes are socially constructed for reasons having to do with power, among other considerations. The implication of this proposition is that these roles and stereotypes can be deconstructed, as surely they can. But the question remains: what is left of identity when deconstruction has taken place Is there some primordial human essence Or is each individual, thus released from social constraint, free to assert whatever identity seems appealing If this is so, we are back to the self-centered individualism of classical liberal political theory. While images of autonomy and self-sufficiency have great appeal, they do not fit with what we know about the social interdependence that characterizes human nature.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Grammar Lesson Plan - Future Progressive Tense Assignment

Grammar Lesson Plan - Future Progressive Tense - Assignment Example New Material Pointer: First orally then written Singular Plural He/she/it will be sleeping. He/she/it will be eating. Xavier will go to the beach next month. They will be sleeping. They will be eating. They will go to the beach next month. IV. New Material Transportation: Change sentences from future tense to future progressive aspect, first as a group and then individually. Illustration; -Xavier will go to the beach next month (future tense) -Xavier will be going to the beach next month. (future progressive aspect) -Janet will go to the prom next month. (future tense) -Janet will be going to the prom next month. (future progressive aspect) V. Rule Formation: Elicit from students What kind of tense is in these sentences? - He slept. - He will be sleeping? What does the future progressive aspect indicate about the verb? How is the future progressive tense formed? VI. Authentic material containing samples of new rule. Teacher made dialogue Narrative by some of the students on what acti ons they intend to complete in the future. The rule should be noted as; modal verb will + present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending).